What Is Known About the Education of Shakespeare Family

Overview of the life of William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was an histrion, playwright, poet, and theatre entrepreneur in London during the late Elizabethan and early on Jacobean eras. He was baptised on 26 Apr 1564^[a] in Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England, in the Holy Trinity Church building. At the historic period of eighteen he married Anne Hathaway with whom he had 3 children. He died in his home town of Stratford on 23 April 1616, anile 52. Though more is known about Shakespeare's life than those of well-nigh other Elizabethan and Jacobean writers, few personal biographical facts survive, which is unsurprising in the light of his social status equally a commoner, the low esteem in which his profession was held, and the general lack of involvement of the time in the personal lives of writers.^{[2] [iii] [4] [5] [6]} Data nigh his life derives from public rather than private documents: vital records, real estate and tax records, lawsuits, records of payments, and references to Shakespeare and his works in printed and hand-written texts. Even so, hundreds of biographies accept been written and more continue to be, near of which rely on inferences and the historical context of the 70 or so hard facts recorded about Shakespeare the man, a technique that sometimes leads to embellishment or unwarranted interpretation of the documented tape.^{[vii] [8]}

Early life [edit]

Family origins [edit]

William Shakespeare^[b] was born in Stratford-upon-Avon. His exact date of birth is not known—the baptismal tape was dated 26 Apr 1564—but has been traditionally taken to exist 23 April 1564, which is also the Banquet Twenty-four hour period of Saint George, the patron saint of England. He was the start son and the kickoff surviving child in the family; 2 before children, Joan and Margaret, had died early.^[9] Then a market place town of about 2000 residents approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of London, Stratford was a centre for the marketing, distribution, and slaughter of sheep; for hide tanning and wool trading; and for supplying malt to brewers of ale and beer.

His parents were John Shakespeare, a successful glover originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the youngest daughter of John's father's landlord, a fellow member of the local gentry. The couple married around 1557 and lived on Henley Street when Shakespeare was built-in, purportedly in a house at present known as Shakespeare'southward Birthplace. They had eight children: Joan (baptised 15 September 1558, died in infancy), Margaret (bap. 2 December 1562 – buried 30 April 1563), William, Gilbert (bap. 13 Oct 1566 – bur. ii February 1612), Joan (bap. xv Apr 1569 – bur. iv November 1646), Anne (bap. 28 September 1571 – bur. 4 April 1579), Richard (bap. xi March 1574 – bur. iv February 1613) and Edmund (bap. iii May 1580 – bur. London, 31 December 1607).^[x]

Shakespeare'southward family unit was above boilerplate materially during his babyhood. His father'due south business was thriving at the fourth dimension of William's birth. John Shakespeare endemic several properties in Stratford and had a profitable—though illegal—sideline of dealing in wool. He was appointed to several municipal offices and served equally an alderman in 1565, culminating in a term as bailiff, the chief magistrate of the town council, in 1568. For reasons unclear to history he fell upon hard times, kickoff in 1576, when William was 12.^[11] He was prosecuted for unlicensed dealing in wool and for usury, and he mortgaged and subsequently lost some lands he had obtained through his wife'south inheritance that would have been inherited past his eldest son. After four years of non-attendance at council meetings, he was finally replaced as burgess in 1586.

Boyhood and education [edit]

A close analysis of Shakespeare's works compared with the standard curriculum of the fourth dimension confirms that Shakespeare had received a grammar school education.^{[12] [xiii] [xiv] [xv] [16]} The King Edward Vi School at Stratford was on Church Street, less than a quarter of a mile from Shakespeare's dwelling house and within a few yards from where his father saturday on the town council. It was free to all male person children and the evidence indicates that John Shakespeare sent his sons in that location for a grammer school education, though no attendance records survive. Shakespeare would have been enrolled when he was 7, in 1571.^{[17] [12]} Classes were held every mean solar day except on Sundays, with a half-day off on Thursdays, year-round. The schoolhouse solar day typically ran from 6 a.grand. to 5 p.m., with a two-60 minutes break for lunch, from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. in wintertime.

Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, but the grammer curriculum was standardised past purple decree throughout England,^{[18] [19]} and the school would take provided an intensive education in Latin grammar and literature—"as skilful a formal literary training equally had whatever of his contemporaries".^[20] Nearly of the solar day was spent in the rote learning of Latin. Past the fourth dimension he was ten, Shakespeare was translating Cicero, Terence, Virgil and Ovid. As a part of this education, the students performed Latin plays to better understand rhetoric. By the stop of their studies at age xiv, grammar schoolhouse pupils were quite familiar with the great Latin authors, and with Latin drama and rhetoric.^[21]

Shakespeare is unique among his contemporaries in the extent of figurative language derived from land life and nature.^[22] The familiarity with the animals and plants of the English countryside exhibited in his poems and plays, especially the early on ones, suggests that he lived the childhood of a typical land boy, with piece of cake access to rural nature and a propensity for outdoor sports, especially hunting.^{[23] [24] [25]}

Matrimony [edit]

On 27 November 1582, Shakespeare was issued a special licence to marry Anne Hathaway, the daughter of the belatedly Richard Hathaway, a yeoman farmer of Shottery, nearly a mile w of Stratford (the clerk mistakenly recorded the name "Anne Whateley").^[26] He was eighteen and she was 26. The licence, issued past the consistory court of the diocese of Worcester, 21 miles due west of Stratford, immune the two to marry with simply one proclamation of the marriage banns in church instead of the customary three successive Sundays.^[27]

Since he was under historic period and could not stand as surety, and since Hathaway's father had died, 2 of Hathaway's neighbours - Fulk Sandalls and John Richardson - posted a bond of £xl the next day to ensure: that no legal impediments existed to the marriage; that the bride had the consent of her "friends" (persons acting in lieu of parents or guardians if she was under age); and to indemnify the bishop issuing the licence from any possible liability for the wife and any children should any impediment nullify the union.^{[28] [29]} Neither the verbal day, nor place, of their marriage is not known.

The reason for the special licence became apparent six months later with the baptism of their first girl, Susanna, on 26 May 1583. Their twin children - a son Hamnet and a daughter Judith (named after Shakespeare's neighbours Hamnet and Judith Sadler) were baptised on two February 1585, before Shakespeare was 21 years of age.

Lost years [edit]

Afterward the baptism of the twins in 1585, and except for being party to a lawsuit to recover part of his female parent'southward estate which had been mortgaged and lost by default, Shakespeare leaves no historical traces until Robert Greene jealously alludes to him equally part of the London theatrical scene in 1592. This seven-year catamenia - known as the "lost years" to Shakespeare scholars - was filled by early biographers with inferences drawn from local traditions and by more recent biographers with surmises about the onset of his interim career deduced from textual and bibliographic hints and the surviving records of the various troupes of players, interim at that fourth dimension. While this lack of records bars any certainty about his activity during those years, information technology is certain that by the time of Greene's assault on the 28-twelvemonth-old, Shakespeare had acquired a reputation as an actor and burgeoning playwright.

Shakespeare myths [edit]

Shakespeare Before Thomas Lucy, a typical Victorian illustration of the poaching chestnut

Several hypotheses have been put forth to account for his life during this time, and a number of accounts are given by his earliest biographers.

According to Shakespeare's first biographer Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare fled Stratford after he got in trouble for poaching deer from local squire Thomas Lucy, and that he then wrote a scurrilous ballad about Lucy. It is also reported, according to a note added by Samuel Johnson to the 1765 edition of Rowe's Life, that Shakespeare minded the horses for theatre patrons in London. Johnson adds that the story had been told to Alexander Pope by Rowe.^[30]

In his Cursory Lives, written 1669–96, John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a "schoolmaster in the land" on the dominance of William Beeston, son of Christopher Beeston, who had acted with Shakespeare in Every Man in His Sense of humor (1598) as a swain member of the Lord Chamberlain'due south Men.^[31]

Later speculation [edit]

In 1985 E.A.J Honigmann proposed that Shakespeare acted as a schoolmaster in Lancashire,^[32] on the evidence institute in the 1581 will of a member of the Houghton family, referring to plays and play-apparel and asking his kinsman Thomas Hesketh to take care of "William Shakeshaft, now dwelling with me". Honigmann proposed that John Cottam, Shakespeare'south reputed last schoolmaster, recommended the fellow.

Another idea is that Shakespeare may have joined Queen Elizabeth's Men in 1587, later on the sudden death of player William Knell in a fight while on a tour which afterwards took in Stratford. Samuel Schoenbaum speculates that, "Maybe Shakespeare took Knell'due south place and thus found his way to London and phase-country."^[33] Shakespeare's father John, as High Bailiff of Stratford, was responsible for the acceptance and welfare of visiting theatrical troupes.^[34]

London and theatrical career [edit]

Shakespeare's signature, from his volition

Though Shakespeare is known today primarily as a playwright and poet, his principal occupation was every bit a thespian and sharer in an acting troupe. How or when Shakespeare got into acting is unknown. The profession was unregulated by a lodge that could have established restrictions on new entrants to the profession—actors were literally "masterless men"—and several avenues existed to break into the field in the Elizabethan era.^{[35] [36]}

Certainly Shakespeare had many opportunities to see professional person playing companies in his youth. Earlier being allowed to perform for the general public, touring playing companies were required to nowadays their play earlier the boondocks quango to exist licensed. Players beginning acted in Stratford in 1568, the year that John Shakespeare was bailiff. Before Shakespeare turned 20, the Stratford town quango had paid for at to the lowest degree xviii performances by at least 12 playing companies. In one playing season lone, that of 1586–87, five different acting troupes visited Stratford.^{[37] [38]}

By 1592 Shakespeare was a player/playwright in London, and he had enough of a reputation for Robert Greene to denounce him in the posthumous Greenes, Groats-worth of Witte, bought with a million of Repentance as "an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is equally well able to bombast out a blanke verse as the best of you lot: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his owne conceit the onely Milkshake-scene in a countrey." (The italicized line parodies the phrase, "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a adult female'south hibernate" from Shakespeare's Henry Half dozen, office 3.)^[39]

Past belatedly 1594, Shakespeare was role-owner of a playing visitor, known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men—like others of the menses, the visitor took its name from its aristocratic sponsor, in this case the Lord Chamberlain. The grouping became so popular that, after the death of Elizabeth I and the coronation of James I (1603), the new monarch adopted the company, which then became known as the Rex's Men, after the decease of their previous sponsor. Shakespeare'due south works are written inside the frame of reference of the career histrion, rather than a member of the learned professions or from scholarly volume-learning.^[c]

The Shakespeare family had long sought armorial bearings and the status of gentleman. William'due south father John, a bailiff of Stratford with a wife of practiced birth, was eligible for a coat of artillery and applied to the College of Heralds, but patently his worsening financial status prevented him from obtaining it. The application was successfully renewed in 1596, nearly probably at the instigation of William himself as he was the more prosperous at the time. The motto "Non sanz droict" ("Non without right") was attached to the application, merely it was not used on any armorial displays that have survived. The theme of social status and restoration runs deep through the plots of many of his plays, and at times Shakespeare seems to mock his own longing.^[41]

By 1596, Shakespeare had moved to the parish of St. Helen'south, Bishopsgate, and by 1598 he appeared at the top of a listing of actors in Every Man in His Humor written by Ben Jonson. He is also listed among the actors in Jonson's Sejanus His Fall. Besides by 1598, his proper noun began to announced on the championship pages of his plays, presumably every bit a selling point.^{[ commendation needed ]}

At that place is a tradition that Shakespeare, in add-on to writing many of the plays his company enacted and concerned with business organisation and financial details as part-owner of the visitor, continued to act in various parts, such as the ghost of Hamlet'southward father, Adam in Equally Yous Like Information technology, and the Chorus in Henry V.^[42]

He appears to have moved across the River Thames to Southwark sometime around 1599. In 1604, Shakespeare acted every bit a matchmaker for his landlord'due south daughter. Legal documents from 1612, when the example was brought to trial, show that Shakespeare was a tenant of Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker (a maker of ornamental headdresses) in the northwest of London in 1604. Mountjoy's apprentice Stephen Bellott wanted to marry Mountjoy's daughter. Shakespeare was enlisted as a go-between, to assistance negotiate the terms of the dowry. On Shakespeare'due south assurances, the couple married. Eight years later, Bellott sued his male parent-in-constabulary for delivering merely part of the dowry. During the Bellott five Mountjoy case i witness, in a deposition, said that Christopher Mountjoy called on Shakespeare and encouraged him to persuade Stephen Belott to the marriage of his daughter. Then Shakespeare was called to testify, and co-ordinate to the record, said that Belott was "a very adept and industrious retainer". Shakespeare and so contradicted the deposition, and testified that it was Mountjoy's married woman who had invited and encouraged Shakespeare to persuade Belott to marry the Mountjoy'southward daughter. When it came to specifics about the size of the dowry and promised inheritance due the daughter, Shakespeare did not remember. A second set of questions was prepared for Shakespeare to testify once more, but that appears not to have happened. The case was and then turned over to the elders of the Huguenot church for arbitration.^[43]

Business affairs [edit]

By the early 17th century, Shakespeare had become very prosperous. Near of his money went to secure his family unit's position in Stratford. Shakespeare himself seems to have lived in rented accommodation while in London. According to John Aubrey, he travelled to Stratford to stay with his family unit for a menstruum each year.^[44] Shakespeare grew rich enough to buy the second-largest firm in Stratford, New Place, which he acquired in 1597 for £threescore from William Underhill. The Stratford chamberlain's accounts in 1598 record a sale of stone to the council from "Mr Shaxpere", which may accept been related to remodelling work on the newly purchased house.^[45] The purchase was thrown into doubt when evidence emerged that Underhill, who died shortly later the sale, had been poisoned by his oldest son, only the sale was confirmed past the new heir Hercules Underhill when he came of age in 1602.^[46]

In 1598 the local council ordered an investigation into the hoarding of grain, equally there had been a run of bad harvests causing a steep increase in prices. Speculators were acquiring backlog quantities in the hope of profiting from scarcity. The survey includes Shakespeare's household, recording that he possessed ten-quarters of malt. This has often been interpreted every bit evidence that he was listed as a hoarder. Others argue that Shakespeare's holding was not unusual. According to Marker Eccles, "the schoolmaster, Mr. Aspinall, had eleven quarters, and the vicar, Mr. Byfield, had 6 of his ain and four of his sister's".^[45] Samuel Schoenbaum and B.R. Lewis, however, suggest that he purchased the malt as an investment, since he later sued a neighbour, Philip Rogers, for an unpaid debt for twenty bushels of malt.^[45] Bruce Boehrer argues that the auction to Rogers, over half-dozen installments, was a kind of "wholesale to retail" arrangement, since Rogers was an apothecary who would accept used the malt as raw material for his products.^[45] Boehrer comments that,

Shakespeare had established himself in Stratford as the keeper of a great house, the owner of large gardens and granaries, a man with generous stores of barley which 1 could purchase, at demand, for a price. In short, he had become an entrepreneur specialising in real estate and agricultural products, an aspect of his identity farther enhanced by his investments in local farmland and farm produce.^[47]

Shakespeare'southward biggest acquisitions were state holdings and a lease on tithes in Erstwhile Stratford, to the north of the town. He bought a share in the charter on tithes for £440 in 1605, giving him income from grain and hay, as well as from wool, lamb and other items in Stratford town. He purchased 107 acres of farmland for £320 in 1607, making 2 local farmers his tenants. Boehrer suggests he was pursuing an "overall investment strategy aimed at decision-making as much as possible of the local grain marketplace", a strategy that was highly successful.^[47] In 1614 Shakespeare's profits were potentially threatened by a dispute over enclosure, when local businessman William Combe attempted to take command of common state in Welcombe, part of the area over which Shakespeare had leased tithes. The town clerk Thomas Greene, who opposed the enclosure, recorded a conversation with Shakespeare about the issue. Shakespeare said he believed the enclosure would non go through, a prediction that turned out to be right. Greene also recorded that Shakespeare had told Greene'south brother that "I was not able to bear the enclosing of Welcombe". It is unclear from the context whether Shakespeare is speaking of his own feelings, or referring to Thomas'southward opposition.^[d]

Shakespeare's last major purchase was in March 1613, when he bought an flat in a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory;^[51] The Gatehouse was almost Blackfriars theatre, which Shakespeare's company used as their wintertime playhouse from 1608. The buy was probably an investment, as Shakespeare was living mainly in Stratford by this time, and the apartment was rented out to i John Robinson. Robinson may be the aforementioned human recorded as a labourer in Stratford, in which case information technology is possible he worked for Shakespeare. He may be the same John Robinson who was i of the witnesses to Shakespeare's will.^[52]

Later years and decease [edit]

Rowe was the first biographer to pass down the tradition that Shakespeare retired to Stratford some years before his death;^[53] but retirement from all piece of work was uncommon at that time,^[54] and Shakespeare continued to visit London. In 1612 he was called as a witness in the Bellott five Mountjoy case.^{[55] [56]} A year afterward he was back in London to make the Gatehouse purchase.

In June 1613 Shakespeare's daughter Susanna was slandered by John Lane, a local homo who claimed she had defenseless gonorrhea from a lover. Susanna and her husband Dr John Hall sued for slander. Lane failed to appear and was convicted. From November 1614 Shakespeare was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, Hall.^[57]

In the terminal few weeks of Shakespeare's life, the man who was to marry his younger daughter Judith — a tavern-keeper named Thomas Quiney — was charged in the local church courtroom with "fornication". A adult female named Margaret Wheeler had given birth to a child and claimed it was Quiney'southward; she and the child both died soon after. Quiney was thereafter disgraced, and Shakespeare revised his volition to ensure that Judith's interest in his manor was protected from possible malfeasance on Quiney's role.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 (the presumed day of his nativity and the banquet day of St. George, patron of England), at the reputed age of 52.^[eastward] He died within a month of signing his volition, a document which he begins by describing himself equally beingness in "perfect wellness". No extant contemporary source explains how or why he died. Afterwards half a century had passed, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, information technology seems, drank besides difficult, for Shakespeare died of a fever at that place contracted."^{[58] [59]} It is certainly possible he caught a fever afterwards such a meeting, for Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of the tributes that started to come from fellow authors, one — by James Mabbe printed in the First Folio — refers to his relatively early death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From the world'southward stage to the grave's tiring room."^[60]

Shakespeare was survived by his wife Anne and past two daughters, Susanna and Judith. His son Hamnet had died in 1596. His last surviving descendant was his granddaughter Elizabeth Hall, daughter of Susanna and John Hall. In that location are no directly descendants of the poet and playwright alive today, just the diarist John Aubrey recalls in his Brief Lives that William Davenant, his godson, was "contented" to be believed Shakespeare's actual son. Davenant'due south mother was the wife of a vintner at the Crown Tavern in Oxford, on the road between London and Stratford, where Shakespeare would stay when travelling betwixt his dwelling house and the capital.^[61]

Shakespeare's gravestone.

Shakespeare is buried in the chancel of Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was granted the honour of burying in the chancel non because of his fame as a playwright but because he had purchased a share of the tithe in the church for £440 (a considerable sum of money at the time). A monument on the wall nearest his grave, probably placed by his family,^[62] features a bust showing Shakespeare posed in the human action of writing. Every year, on his assumed birthday, a new quill pen is placed in the writing paw of the bust. He is believed to accept written the epitaph on his tombstone.^[63]

Practiced friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,
To dig the dust enclosed hither.
Blest be the man that spares these stones,
And cursed be he that moves my basic.

Come across too [edit]

• Shakespeare'southward Style
• Religious views of William Shakespeare
• Reputation of William Shakespeare

Notes and references [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Dates follow the Julian calendar, used in England throughout Shakespeare's lifespan, only with the first of the twelvemonth adapted to 1 January (see Sometime Style and New Way dates). Under the Gregorian calendar, adopted in Catholic countries in 1582, Shakespeare died on 3 May, 1616^[1]
2. ^ Besides spelled Shakspere, Shaksper and Shake-speare, as spelling in Elizabethan times was not stock-still and absolute. Encounter Spelling of Shakespeare'southward name.
3. ^ William Neilson, in his volume The Facts about Shakespeare (1915), writes: "Records amply institute the identity betwixt Shakespeare the actor and the writer. ... The extent of observation and cognition in the plays is, indeed, remarkable but it is non accompanied by any indication of thorough scholarship, or a detailed connection with any profession outside of the theater...".^[40]
4. ^ Schoenbaum concludes that "whatever attempt to interpret the passage is guesswork, and no more than".^[48] Lois Potter suggests that the word "comport" (spelled "beare" in the original) was intended for "bar"—meaning that Greene would not be able to stop the enclosure. ^{[49] [50]}
5. ^ His age and the date are inscribed in Latin on his funerary monument: AETATIS 53 DIE 23 APR.

References [edit]

1. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. fifteen.
2. ^ Bate 1998, p. 4.
3. ^ Southworth 2000, p. 5.
4. ^ Wells 1997, pp. four–five.
5. ^ Bryson 2007, pp. 17–nineteen.
6. ^ Halliwell-Phillipps 1907, pp. five–half dozen.
7. ^ Holderness 2011, p. 19.
8. ^ Ellis 2012, pp. 10–11.
9. ^ Potter 2012, pp. 1, 10.
10. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 1–2.
11. ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008, p. 13.
12. ^ ^{a b} Honan 1999, p. 43.
13. ^ Potter 2012, p. 48.
14. ^ Bate 1998, p. 8.
15. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 62–63.
16. ^ Ellis 2012, p. 41.
17. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 63.
18. ^ Baldwin 1944, pp. 179–180, 183.
19. ^ Cressy 1975, pp. 28–29.
20. ^ Baldwin 1944, pp. 117, 663.
21. ^ Bate 1998, pp. 83–87.
22. ^ Chambers 1930a, p. 287.
23. ^ Chambers 1930a, pp. 254, 545.
24. ^ Ellis 2012, pp. 42–43.
25. ^ Spurgeon 2004, pp. 30–31.
26. ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008, p. 11.
27. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 75–79.
28. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 43–46.
29. ^ Loomis 2002, pp. 17–eighteen.
30. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 75.
31. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 110–111.
32. ^ Honigmann 1985, pp. 41–48.
33. ^ Schoenbaum 1979, p. 43.
34. ^ Pierce 2006, p. three.
35. ^ Bentley 1984, p. 6.
36. ^ Ingram 2000, p. 155. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFIngram2000 (assist)
37. ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008, p. 15.
38. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 115.
39. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 151–158.
40. ^ Neilson 1915, pp. 164–165.
41. ^ Greenblatt 2005, pp. 76–86.
42. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 234–236.
43. ^ Rowse 1963, p. 337-339.
44. ^ Honan 2015.
45. ^ ^{a b c d} Boehrer 2013, pp. 88–89.
46. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 234.
47. ^ ^{a b} Boehrer 2013, p. 90.
48. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 284–285.
49. ^ Potter 2012, p. 404.
50. ^ Palmer & Palmer 1999, p. 96.
51. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 272–274.
52. ^ Pogue 2006, pp. 42–43.
53. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 476.
54. ^ Honan 1999, pp. 382–383.
55. ^ Honan 1999, p. 326.
56. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 462–464.
57. ^ Honan 1999, p. 387.
58. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 78.
59. ^ Rowse 1963, p. 453.
60. ^ Kinney 2012, p. xi.
61. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 224–227.
62. ^ Holderness 2001, pp. 152–154.
63. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 306–307.

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• Schoenbaum, Southward. (1987). William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN978-0-19-505161-2.
• Schoenbaum, S. (1991). Shakespeare's Lives (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN0-19-818618-5.
• Schoone-Jongen, Terence (2008). Shakespeare's Companies: William Shakespeare's Early Career and the Acting Companies, 1577-1594. Studies in Operation and Early Modern Drama. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN978-0-7546-6434-five.
• Southworth, John (2000). Shakespeare the Histrion: A Life in the Theatre. Sutton. ISBN978-0-7509-2312-5.
• Spurgeon, Caroline (2004). Shakespeare'southward Imagery and What Information technology Tells Us. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-06538-0.
• Wells, Stanley (1997). Shakespeare: A Life in Drama. New York: Due west. W. Norton. ISBN0-393-31562-ii.

External links [edit]

• Shakespeare Documented an online exhibition documenting Shakespeare in his ain time.
• The Internet Shakespeare Editions provides an extensive department on his life and times.
• The Shakespeare Resources Center A directory of Web resource for online Shakespearean written report. Includes a Shakespeare biography, works timeline, play synopses, and language resources.
• Documenting the Early on Years and Documenting the Later Years are two interactive articles written by Michael Wood.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_William_Shakespeare

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